AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PRESSRELEASE 2 April 2013                     Today, governm...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PRESS RELEASE 28 March 2013 In a deeply cynical move, Iran, North Korea and Syria have thwarted the adop...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL    News Story    20 March 2013  A ruling by the Philippines’ Suprem...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PRESS RELEASE 18 March 2013 The time has come for world leaders to address the poorly regulated global arms tr...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PRESS RELEASE 14 March 2013 US President Barack Obama must take the lead in securing a strong global Arms ...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PRESS RELEASE 16 March 2013 Women’s rights took small steps forward yesterday when governments at the ...

Amnesty International Philippines Press Release 15 March 2012 Amnesty International called on US President Barack Obama and Chine...

Amnesty International Philippines Press Release 11 March 2012 In a protest action at Welcome Rotonda in Manila today, Amnesty I...

Amnesty International Philippines Press Release 8 March 2013 A Philippine law on reproductive health rights for women and me...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL FEATURE EMBARGO: Friday 8 March 2013 at 00:01Hs GMT It is estimated at least half a million people are killed w...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL FEATURE 6 March 2013 No one knows the global arms trade’s devastating effects more vividly than those who liv...

Amnesty International Opinion Mabel Au, Director,  Amnesty International Hong Kong February 25, 2013   Scar...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PRESS RELEASE 8 February 2013 The Myanmar government’s decision to form a committee to rev...

Amnesty International Press Release 5 February 2013   People who have their economic, social and cultural rights routinely...

Amnesty International Press Release 1 February 2013 A Philippine poet and activist who has been detained on trumped up cha...

Amnesty International Press Release   21 January 2013   The use of lethal force by the US government must be in a...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PRESS RELEASE 18 December 2012   A Philippine law passed yesterday establishes long-awaited protec...

Amnesty International Philippines Press Release   17 December 2012     Amnesty International to S...

AN OPEN LETTER TO PRESIDENT BENIGNO C. AQUINO from Amnesty International Philippines Human Rights Day, December 10, 2012   ...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL FEATURE   AI index: ACT 80/001/2012 10 December 2012     2012: A YEAR IN...

Amnesty International Philippines Press Release 9 December 2012 Extrajudicial killings smear the Aquino government; Civil and Politic...

Amnesty International Philippines Davao City Public Statement 3 December 2012 25 years ago, Amnesty International set foot in th...

Public Statement 30 November 2012 As thousands of organizations around the world hold activities to demand an end to gender based vio...

  Amnesty International Public Statement   AI Index: ASA 35/009/2012 23 November 2012 Amnesty ...

Press Release 19 November 2012 News that more than 50 political prisoners including prisoners of conscience U Myint Aye and Sa...

  Press Release 19 November 2012   As the conflict escalates between Israel and Palestinian armed groups in Gaza, ...

19 November 2012 Disregarding the deep concerns expressed by senior United Nations officials, human rights experts and hundreds of civil socie...

  Bangkok, Thailand – In a letter sent today to ASEAN Heads of State, leading international human rights organizations called fo...

Amnesty International Philippines Press Release 7 November 2012  Amnesty International Philippines reiterated its anti-death...

Amnesty International Philippines Press Release 14 October 2012 The Philippines should commit to concrete action to end impuni...

Amnesty International Philippines Press Release 10 October 2012 Regional and global trend towards the abolition of th...

Amnesty International Press Release   04 October 2012   A new ‘cybercrime’ law in the Philippines ...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC STATEMENT   AI Index: ASA 35/005/2012 24 September 2012     Hum...

Amnesty International Philippines Press Release 17 September 2012   Forty years of waiting for justice is too long fo...

Civil Society Joint statement 13 September 2012   ASEAN Human Rights Declaration must not provide protections lower than inte...

Amnesty International Index: ASA 21/035/2012 7 September 2012   Under embargo to 7 September 2012 00.01 BST &n...

Amnesty International Philippines Press Release 4 September 2012 Amnesty International Philippines called on President Aquino a...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PHILIPPINES PRESS RELEASE 30 August 2012 For more than five years, Jonas Burgos has been missing. He is a victi...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PRESS RELEASE EMBARGOED UNTIL 00:01 GMT 28 AUGUST 2012 Amnesty International has accused the UK-r...

A Russian court's decision today to jail members of the punk rock protest band Pussy Riot is a bitter blow for freedom of expression in the countr...

Press Release 14 August 2012 UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon must ensure that justice for the victims of human rights violations committed ...

Amnesty International Philippines Press Release 9 August 2012 Davao City - Members of Amnesty International Philippines in Davao City, many of w...

Press Release 6 August 2012 Amnesty International Philippines said in a statement that the running numbers game at the Philippine...

  Press Release 3 August 2012 The investigation process into oil spills in the Niger Delta has been challenged today by Amnesty In...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PRESS RELEASE 27 July 2012 As reports of civilians being targeted in Syria continue to make headlines, China...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PRESS RELEASE   27 July 2012 The prospect of reaching a historic global deal to end the dev...

Amnesty International Philippines Press Release 17 July 2012 In a statement a week before President Benigno Aquino’s State of the Nati...

07 July 2012 To the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Member States of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) during the 45th ASEAN M...

7 July 2012 To,   His Royal Highness Prince Mohamed Bolkiah, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Brunei Darussalam His Excellency Hor ...

PRESS RELEASE Zamboanga City, 5 July 2012 Amnesty International to President Aquino and Local officials in Zamboanga City: Curb gun violence...

 Press Release 6 July 2012   Davao City - The slow progress in breaking impunity for human rights abuses and m...

Amnesty International Philippines Press Release Cebu City, 4 July 2012   Amnesty International lamented the continuing in...

  2 July 2012   Time to end ‘body bag’ approach to arms control and support a robust Arms Trade Treat...

PRESS RELEASE 1 July 2012   It is time for governments the world over to show proper support for the International C...

AICHR Formal Consultation with Civil Society on the ASEAN Human Rights Declaration Press Statement 21 June 2012 Amnesty Interna...

  Public Statement ASA 35/004/2012 26 June 2012 President Benigno “Noynoy” Aquino III has failed to ensure th...

Press Release 22 June 2012 Global economic troubles are being matched by a recession in human rights with worryingly minimal commitments comi...

  Philippine Action Network to Control Arms (PhilANCA) Press Release 18 June 2012   During the symbolic t...

Press Release 2 June 2012 World Leaders at Conference to Address Need for ‘Green Economy’ World leaders have a once i...

Amnesty International USA Press Release June 7, 2012 Reference: Nerve Macaspac, Amnesty International USA Country Speciali...

PRESS RELEASE AI index: ASA 35/003/2012 1 June 2012 The third killing of a witness to the 2009 Maguindanao massacre was reported th...

Press Release 28 May 2012 The United Nations Security Council must move beyond condemnation of Friday’s attack that killed scores of ...

Press Release 16 May 2012   Discrimination and persecution of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) people in South...

Press Release 28 April 2012 Since 1989, same decade that Amnesty International was established in the Philippines, 128 armed conflicts have...

P Press Release 30 March 2012 Around 100 ‘armed’ students dressed as themselves, teachers, businessmen, yuppies, doctors, nurs...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PRESS RELEASE   9 May 2012   A young Malaysian man under threat of imminent execution ...

Amnesty International - Asian Legal Resource Centre - Association for the Prevention of Torture (APT) - Christian Solidarity Worldwide - Civil R...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL Press Release   STRICT EMBARGO: 00:01 GMT Tuesday 27 March 2012 Countries that carried out executions in 2011...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC STATEMENT AI Index: ASA 39/002/2012 15 March 2012 Human Rights Council adopts Universal Periodic Review ou...

  AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PRESS RELEASE 14 March 2012 The conviction of Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, the leader of a Congolese a...

  Press Release   7 March 2012     A major overhaul of China’s criminal procedure law co...

Press Release 6 March 2012 Amnesty International welcomes the ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture (O...

Amnesty International Press Release 6 March 2012 Two days before the World March of Women during the...

By Alberto Estevez, AI’s Lobbying Coordinator on the Arms Trade Treaty In a vast, windowless conference hall, scores of people in sui...

Amnesty International Press Release 14 February 2012 A group of 21 North Koreans must not be forcibly repatriated by the Chinese ...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC STATEMENT 9 February 2012 AI Index: ASA 39/001/2012  Thammasat University’s decisi...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PRESS RELEASE 03 February 2012 A land deal finalized this week between Paraguayan authorities and a land owner ...

  Exclusive Miley Cyrus Performance of “You’re Gonna Make Me Lonesome When You Go” on “The Ellen DeGeneres Sho...

  PRESS RELEASE 1 February 2012 The South Korean authorities should immediately release a social media activist accused of helpin...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PRESS RELEASE   24 January 2012   China must avoid using excessive force in response...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC STATEMENT AI Index: IOR 64/001/2012  5 January 2012 As a first draft of the ASEAN Human Rights Declara...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL Press Release 10 December 2011   On 10 December, Human Rights Day, Amnesty International is shini...

 Press Release   04 December 2011   Amnesty International appealed to the Philippine government and  go...

Amnesty International PRESS RELEASE 2 December 2011   Amnesty International called on the Chinese officials to stop the ...

  Amnesty International Press Release   22 November 2011   On the eve of the second anniversary of ...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PRESS RELEASE 14 October 2011 ASEAN must take urgent action if all of its member states are to meet targets...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PRESS RELEASE 18 October 2011     Amnesty International Philippines condemned the ki...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC STATEMENT   AI Index: ASA 35/006/2011 Date: 14 October 2011   The Phi...

Press Release 18 September 2011 The oil company Shell has had a disastrous impact on the human rights of the people living in the Niger...

...

 AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PRESS RELEASE 23 August 2011 A vote in the Philippine Senate today opened the way for the country to bec...

 AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PRESS RELEASE ...

Amnesty International Philippines PRESS RELEASE 22 July 2011 Amnesty International Philippines appeals to President Beni...

PRESS RELEASE 15 July 2011   Davao City - One year after Benigno “Noynoy” Aquino III became President of the Philip...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PRESS RELEASE   08 July 2011 (Baguio City, Northern Luzon) One year after Benigno “Noynoy...

PRESS RELEASE   Embargo: 30 June 2011 02:00 GMT / 10:00 Manila   President should establish a Presidential A...

Amnesty International Press Release 21 June 2011   After President Aquino’s speeches on Independence Day and Rizal Day c...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL Press Release Saturday, June 11, 2011, Cagayan de Oro City   On the eve of Philippine Indepe...

Amnesty International Press Release 28 May 2011   AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL is 50 years old.   Amnesty Int...

PRESS RELEASE13 May 2011 (London) Growing demands for freedom and justice across the Middle East and North Africa and the rise of social med...

PRESS RELEASE 13 May 2011 (London) Growing demands for freedom and justice across the Middle East and North Africa and the rise of soci...

6 April 2011 The international community must play a more active role if Yemenis are to get accountability for the bloody killings of recent ...

Amnesty International Press release April 1, 2011   Amnesty International expressed great concern about the safe...

PRESS RELEASE 30 March 2011 Amnesty International condemned the continuation of death penalty in China and called on the Chinese ...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC STATEMENT 29 March 2011 Amnesty International today condemned Chinese authorities for their plan to ex...

Press Release 28 March 2011   Countries which continue to use the death penalty are being left increasingly isolated followi...

Press Release 08 March 2011 Amnesty Internal has called on the Philippines and other governments of the world particularly t...

Press Release 7 March 2011 Amnesty International Philippines welcomes the signing of the Rome Statute to the International Criminal C...

On the occasion of the official visit to the Philippines by the President of the International Criminal Court, Judge Sang-Hyun Song, Amnesty Inter...

 Press Release  28 February 2011 Campaigners today called on governments meeting at the United Nations to ensure no weapon...

Press Release  22 February 2011 Amnesty International has urged the Bahraini authorities to ensure the safety of people participa...

PRESS RELEASE 21 February 2011 Amnesty International called on the Philippine government to strengthen its advocacy against the death ...

11 February 2011 In response to dramatic developments in Egypt, Salil Shetty, Amnesty International’s Secretary General, said: &quo...

10 February 2011 Amnesty International has today urged Egypt's authorities to end 30 years of repressive emergency rule and allow ordinary ...

3 February 2011Amnesty International has condemned a sweeping crackdown by Egyptian security forces today that saw activists and journalists harassed ...

3 February 2011Two Amnesty International representatives have been detained by police in Cairo after the Hisham Mubarak Law Centre was taken over by m...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL Press Release 28 January 2011 Amnesty International has urged the Egyptian authorities to rein in security force...

By Salil Shetty, Secretary General of Amnesty International The oil continues to leak into the Niger Delta, fouling the water, killing the fis...

  Joint Amnesty International and Friends of the Earth Press Release 25 January 2011   Amnesty International and ...

Amnesty International Press Release 14 January 2011 Peace talks should initiate panel to address rights abuses fuelling Mindanao conflict When...

Press Release12 December 2010Bike for Rights padyaKarapatan, the human rights caravan onits 15th year had once again painted the town, this time with ...

P-Noy must not fail the nation’s poorest by placing human rights at the heart of the MDGs  Today we celebrate International Human Righ...

Press Release7 December 2010The Nobel Committee has confirmed that nineteen countries have declined invitations to attend the Peace Price ceremony in ...

Press Release9 December 2010 As the son of a victim of an extrajudicial killing, President Noynoy Aquino has a special duty to heed cries for jus...

BYSALIL SHETTY There is going tobe one empty place at this year’s Nobel Peace Prize awards ceremony. Amongstthe pomp and circumstance, before a ...

 1 December 2010 AmnestyInternational has today condemned the Iranian authorities for carrying out theexecution of Khadijeh Jahed, known as ...

23 November 2010 Amnesty International today called on the Philippine authorities to ensure timely justice for the Maguindanao massacre, and to a...

13 November 2010 Amnesty International today welcomes the release of Aung San Suu Kyi, but calls on the government of Myanmar to immediatel...

Press Release15 October 2010 Millions of Filipinos livingin poverty continue to experience violation of their rights despite thegovernment’...

 8 October 2010 Raymond Manalo is a warm, softly-spoken young man with an infectious smile that belies the horror of his recent enforced dis...

 Press Release8 October 2010 Amnesty International today called on the Chinese authorities to release all prisoners of conscience detained i...

PRESS RELEASE6 October 2010During his first 100 days in office, President NoynoyAquino has highlighted serious human rights issues in the Philippines,...

Press Release24 September 2010 Earlier this week, Amnesty International expressed itsconcern regarding the plan of action agreed upon by governme...

Background The Millennium Development GoalsIn September 2000, 189 countries around the world, including the Philippines, agreed to eight Millenni...

3 September 2010 Public Statement Indian authorities should order an independent andimpartial investigation into the police crackdown on retrench...

Philippine policeresponsible for torture must be prosecuted The Philippine government should ensure that police officers responsible fortorture shown ...

PRESS RELEASE8 August 2010 Hundreds of Amnesty International members, Indigenous Peoples (IP) Groups ,supportersand other NGOs gathered at the Ba...

 Join Amnesty International’s celebration of the Indigenous People’s (IP) Week!We invite you to a festive celebration to the beat of ...

Press Release5 July 2010 Philippines: New justice secretary must tackle political killings and “enforced disappearances” As the ...

30 June 2010 His Excellency Benigno SimeonAquino IIIPresidentRepublic of the Philippines  Dear Mr. President,  Amnesty Internation...

 1 July 2010 PRESS RELEASE  In an open letter addressed to the newly inauguratedPresident Benigno Simeon Aquino III, leaders of Am...

Press Release21 June 2010Absence of justice for victims of extrajudicial executions and enforceddisappearances is a legacy of the Arroyo government, s...

Press Release21 June 2010Absence of justice for victims of extrajudicial executions and enforceddisappearances is a legacy of the Arroyo government, s...

Press Release 18 June 2010 “Amnesty International believes that economic solutions alone cannot fully address the deprivati...

Press Release 11 June 2010 Amnesty International Philippines holds its last press conference for the Mindanao leg of its State of t...

Press Release     9 June 2010   Amnesty International Philippines launched in Pagadian City two rep...

Press Release   7 June 2010   “The world faces a global justice gap – made worse by power poli...

PRESSRELEASEUnder strict embargo for23.01 GMT Wednesday 26 May 2010 / 00.01 BST - British Summer Time – Thursday 27May 2010REPORT 2010: GLOBALJU...

Candidates in the Philippines presidential electionshould outline their plans to combat political violence which has resulted inthe killing of at leas...

Press Release 30 April 2010Amnesty International, a Nobel Peace awardee human rights watchdog, urged government authorities and candidates in the...

Press Release 24 April 2010   More than two hundred individual members of Amnesty International Philippines (AIPh) representing differ...

AMNESTYINTERNATIONALPublic Statement21 April 2010Dropping thecharges against two prominent members of the Ampatuan family charged withinvolvement in t...

AMNESTYINTERNATIONAL PressRelease Underembargo: 7 April 2010, 17:01 GMT (8 April 2010, 00:01 GMT+7) Myanmar’sappalling human rights record is a ...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONALPUBLICSTATEMENT 30March 2010 AIIndex: IOR 64/001/2010Amnesty International has expressed disappointment atthe refusal by the ASEA...

PUBLICSTATEMENT AIIndex: IOR 65/001/2010 26March 2010Onthe eve of the League of Arab States (LAS) summit, to be held on 27 March inSirte, Libya, Amnes...

AMNESTYINTERNATIONAL PRESSRELEASE March24 2010 “Every nightwe sleep on the concrete—no blanket, no mattress,&rdquo...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PUBLICSTATEMENT 22March 2010   AIIndex: IOR53/005/2010 Amnesty International today called on all 110 statesthat have r...

 Press Release08 March 2010Victims of rape, sexual and domestic violence worldwide are deniedaccess to justice due to gender discrimination and a...

AmnestyInternational PressRelease 4March 2010In London yesterday, an international coalition of human rights groups andlabour unions urged P...

PRESS RELEASE02 March 2010February 9marked the start of the presidential campaigning period. The country has seenand felt the presence of the presiden...

Amnesty International’s recommendations to all candidates in the Philippine presidential election1.   End extrajudicial execution...

11 February 2010The comment below is by Amnesty International's interim Secretary General Claudio Cordone.There has been a lot of controversy in the m...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONALPUBLIC STATEMENT9 February 2010The worst pre-election violencein Philippine history – the Maguindanao massacre – has ...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PRESS RELEASE 29 January 2010 Amnesty International has urged the Malaysian authorities to drop politically motivate...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PRESS RELEASE 27 January 2010 Amnesty International today called on all states to take concrete steps to end secre...

11 January 2010   Leading human rights organizations today urged more European states to accept detainees held at the US deten...

Amnesty International has appointed Salil Shetty as its next Secretary General. Shetty, an Indian national,  has been the Director of...

Amnesty International Philippines Press Release 13 December 2009   Amnesty International Philippines (AIPh) was join...

THE SEVEN CITY – TOUR  500 Cyclist will traverse a 78 – km route around Metro Manila to celebrate life and women&rsquo...

Amnesty International Philippines Human Rights Day Press Release 10 December 2009     Amnesty Intern...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PHILIPPINES HOLDS A FLASH MOB DANCE ON HUMAN RIGHTS DAY TO CELEBRATE LIFE!   A FLASH MOB is a large gr...

AMNESTYINTERNATIONAL PRESSRELEASE 08 December 2009 The Philippine authorities should immediately establish a clear and short timetable for an end...

Amnesty InternationalPhilippinesPress Release27 November 2009 A youth conference geared at developing young people towards active participation o...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PRESS RELEASE 26 November 2009The Philippine government must urgently ensure that witnesses are protected followi...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PRESS RELEASE November 23rd 2009 Amnesty International condemns the killings of at least 21 civilians, including...

Amnesty International Philippines Press Release 23 November 2009 Amnesty International Philippines is deeply concerned about ...

Press Release 09 November 2009   “Respecting freedom is a better strategy for development than repression.” ...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC STATEMENT   29 October 2009 At least 80 civilians were killed and 200 injured when a car bomb...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC STATEMENT 28 October 2009   Amnesty International condemns the Taleban’s ...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC STATEMENT 24 October 2009 Amnesty International urges the newly-established ASEAN Inter-Gover...

22 October 2009 Amnesty International Philippines Press Release Amnesty International Philippines (AIPh) strongly condemns th...

  17 October 2009   Amnesty International Philippines        Am...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PRESS RELEASE 15 October 2009 United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon congratulated Amnesty International on t...

15 October 2009 (New York) In the run up to the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty on 17 October, Amnesty Internation...

09 October 2009   Amnesty International today congratulated US President Barack Obama on being awarded the Nobel Peace Prize 200...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PRESS RELEASE   EMBARGOED TILL 00.01 GMT OCTOBER 5 2009   Governments in Africa mu...

  PRESS RELEASE September 16, 2009   Amnesty International challenged the government and mining officials who are particip...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL Public Statement AI Index: ASA 35/008/2009 15 September 2009 Recent politically-motivated killings i...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC RELEASE   28 August 2009   2009 International Day of the Disappeared –...

PRESS RELEASE 27 August 2008 Amnesty International Philippines confirmed with the Office of Senator Biazon that a senate hearing wi...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PRESS RELEASE 27 July 2009 Amnesty International today announced that Daw Aung San Suu Kyi is being awar...

Amnesty International Philippines Press Release 27 July 2009   Human rights group Amnesty International said that the...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PRESS RELEASE   July 30th 2009   Cambodian judicial authorities should squ...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PRESS RELEASE 22 June 2009 Iran: Stop using Basij militia to police demonstrations   ...

Press Release 28 May 2009 Protecting peoples’ rights not just an option but a crucial part of the solution - Amnesty &n...

Press Release 26 April 2009   The Killings continue, government must act to end impunity - Amnesty   More than 10...

Amnesty International Philippines Guide to the Annual General Meeting   Annual General Meeting (AGM) The AGM is held...

Amnesty International Press Release 1 April 2009 Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territories: As US arms shipment reaches Israel, ...

23 March 2009 More people were executed in Asia than in any other part of the world in 2008. China carried out more executions than the re...

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL OPEN LETTER Date 29 January 2009 To the governments of Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar and Thail...

22 January 2009     Amnesty International today called on the Israeli authorities to disclose the weapon...

15 January 2009   Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territories: Immediate investigation needed into Israeli shelling of UN compound...

Amnesty International today challenged world leaders to apologize for six decades of human rights failure and re-commit themselves to deliver concre...